John Lockes Possible View of Kantian Theory and Utilitarian Theory Essay

John Lockes Possible View of Kantian Theory and Utilitarian Theory Evaluations - Essay Example This built up premise of the implicit understanding to guarantee harmony and request. The Kantian hypothesis recognizes runs as a reason for morals. Built up rules characterize individual’s commitments and a moral demonstration is one that is steady with specified obligation. This distinguishes a focal point of intensity, genuine as a body that sets up rules or virtual through socially or customarily made guidelines. The Kantian hypothesis would request consistence with built up decides that administer licenses and regard for decides that set up the protecting position and would legitimize Grace’s tasks under the current patent (Brooks and Dunn 182-185; Waluchow 121-124). The utilitarian hypothesis, be that as it may, centers around outcomes of activities and legitimizes activities that offer net advantages to a greater part of individuals from the general public. The hypothesis legitimizes a demonstration when the demonstration offers net advantages and to more individ uals. Despite the fact that the case recognizes the improvement of a helpful item, licensing the item secures one entity’s rights and disallows others from free advantages of the neem item as a bug spray. It additionally confines use among people who could have been utilizing the item in its rough structure, under the patient's physical ward and would, along these lines, be unjustified under utilitarian morals. John Locke would, subsequently, bolster the Kantian assessment that legitimizes the standard based morals in light of the relating appreciation of intensity in the Kantian hypothesis and Locke’s hypothesis of implicit understanding. The scholar would, be that as it may, subvert utilitarian theory’s assessment in light of its helplessness to narrow minded intrigue, in light of selflessness, which just prompts disorder (Brooks and Dunn 182-185; Waluchow 121-124).

Healthcare Difference Between Us and India

Human services in the United States is portrayed as the â€Å"cottage industry† it has been divided at the national, state, network and practice levels. There isn't one single substance or set of arrangements controlling the medicinal services framework; Furthermore, this delicate essential consideration framework is nearly breakdown as indicated by the Commonwealth Fund Commission. (A. Shih, 2008) The fracture of our conveyance framework is a basic supporter of the poor generally speaking execution of the U. S. social insurance system.In our divided framework: * patients and families explore unassisted across various suppliers and care settings, encouraging baffling and perilous patient encounters; * poor correspondence and absence of clear responsibility for a patient among numerous suppliers lead to clinical mistakes, waste, and duplication; * the nonappearance of friend responsibility, quality improvement foundation, and clinical data frameworks cultivate poor by and large nature of care; and * significant expense, serious clinical intercession is remunerated over higher-esteem essential consideration, including preventive medication and the administration of incessant illness.No single strategy will fix the fracture of our human services framework. Or maybe, an extensive methodology is requiredâ€one that may lead logically to more prominent association and better execution. The accompanying techniques were suggested: (A. Shih, 2008) * Payment change. Supplier installment change offers the chance to invigorate more prominent association just as better. The overwhelming charge for-administration installment framework powers the fracture of our conveyance system.We suggest that payers move away from expense for-administration toward packaged installment frameworks that prize composed, high-esteem care. Furthermore, we prescribe extending pay-for-execution projects to compensate excellent, quiet focused consideration. The more association in conveyan ce frameworks, the more attainable these installment changes become (Exhibit ES-1). These installment changes likewise could prod association, since they reward ideal consideration over the continuum of administrations. In particular, we accept that: Patient motivators. Patients ought to be offered motivations to decide to get care from great, high-esteem conveyance frameworks. This requires execution estimation frameworks that sufficiently recognize among conveyance frameworks. * Regulatory changes. The administrative condition ought to be adjusted to encourage clinical mix among suppliers. * Accreditation. There ought to be accreditation programs that attention on the six characteristics of a perfect conveyance framework we have identified.Payers and buyers ought to be urged to put together choices with respect to installment and supplier arranges on such data, pair with execution estimation information. * Provider preparing. Current preparing programs for doctors and other wellbe ing experts don't enough plan suppliers to rehearse in a sorted out conveyance framework or group based condition. Supplier preparing projects ought to be required to show frameworks based abilities and skills, including populace wellbeing, and be urged to remember clinical preparing for sorted out conveyance frameworks. Government foundation support.We perceive that in specific locales or for explicit populaces, formal composed conveyance frameworks may not create all alone. In such cases, we suggest that the administration assume a more noteworthy job in encouraging or building up the framework for a sorted out conveyance framework, for instance through help with setting up care coordination systems, care the board administrations, night-time inclusion, wellbeing data innovation, and execution improvement exercises. Wellbeing data innovation. Wellbeing data innovation gives basic framework to a composed conveyance framework. Suppliers ought to be required to execute and use affirm ed electronic wellbeing records that meet usefulness, interoperability, and security principles, and to take an interest in wellbeing data trade across suppliers and care settings inside five yearsThese don't really mean it will fix the medicinal services framework as we probably am aware it, however could create, a superior comprehend on what is anticipated from the United States overall, when the Medicare and Medicaid framework is discarded, those conceived in the late 60’s to 2000’s will most likely not advantage from the Medicare or Social Security framework, when they arrive at the age of 65, Why you may ask, in light of the fact that the manner in which the economy is going these frameworks will be out of date later on, while the Government is attempting to construct a superior ntity, they will presumably truth be told, not achieve this, it is my understanding that they will get rid of the Medicaid program continuously 2012, this will be an incredible weight to t he individuals who are as of now on this, If the Government could make it simpler for the individuals who can’t manage the cost of protection to procure business protection at a lesser cost, at that point the lion's share would be get these kinds of protections, (ex Cigna, Humana, Aetna, BCBS, United Healthcare)I work in the clinical field, I see day by day the maltreatment a portion of these patients are taking from the Government with respect to their clinical consideration, one month they have the protection, the following they are on what is called â€Å"Share of Cost†,(SOC) this is much the same as a HMO or PPO, you have a deductable to arrive at consistently, the main issues is, these patients don't have any cash to pay, so they need to go to the neighborhood Hospital, to get their SOC secured, the patient see’s is as an accommodation while the Hospitals considers it to be an irritation. Our divided human services conveyance framework conveys low quality, significant expense care. We can't accomplish a higher-performing wellbeing framework without rearrangement at the training, network, state, and national levels.This report centers around the network level, for which we have distinguished six qualities of a perfect conveyance framework. Our vision of human services conveyance isn't far off; some conveyance frameworks have accomplished these traits, and they have done as such in an assortment of ways. We can not manage the cost of anymore, nor should we endure, the results of our divided medicinal services framework. We have to move away from a cabin industry in which suppliers have no relationship with, or responsibility to, each other. In spite of the fact that we recognize that making an increasingly sorted out conveyance framework will be troublesome, the suggestions set forth in this report offer a solid way to deal with invigorate more noteworthy association for better. (A. Shih, 2008)In India, Primary Health Centers (PHCs) are the foundation of provincial human services; a first port of require the debilitated and a viable referral framework; notwithstanding being the principle focal point of social and monetary improvement of the network. It frames the main degree of contact and a connection among people and the national wellbeing framework; bringing social insurance conveyance as close as conceivable to where individuals live and work. (Patel, 2005) Primary social insurance benefits generously influences the general soundness of a populace, anyway numerous variables sabotage the quality and effectiveness of essential medicinal services benefits in creating nations. In India, despite the fact that there are numerous purposes behind poor PHC execution, practically every one of them originate from powerless stewardship of the division, which creates a poor motivating force framework.The World Health Organization (WHO) explicitly calls attention to that somewhat, the weakening in wellbeing status is credit ed to deficiencies in PHC usage, dismissing the more extensive elements that have been liable for this crumbling, for example, absence of political duty, insufficient allotment of budgetary assets to PHCs and stagnation of between sectoral procedures and network cooperation. The primary ones being bureaucratic way to deal with medicinal services arrangement, absence of responsibility and responsiveness to the overall population and incongruence between accessible subsidizing and duties. The current PHC structure is very inflexible, making it unfit to react adequately to neighborhood real factors and needs. For example, the quantity of ANMs per PHC is the equivalent all through the nation regardless of the way that a few states have double the richness level of others.Moreover, political impedance in the area of wellbeing offices regularly brings about a nonsensical circulation of PHCs and sub-focuses. Government wellbeing divisions are centered around executing government standards, paying compensations, guaranteeing the base offices are accessible instead of estimating wellbeing framework execution or wellbeing results. Further, the general wellbeing framework is overseen and directed by District Health Officers. In spite of the fact that they are qualified specialists, they have scarcely any preparation in general wellbeing the executives; fortifying the limit with regards to general wellbeing the executives at the region and taluk level is vital to improving open segment execution. Patel, 2005) Primary, optional, generalist and master care, all have significant and comprehensive jobs in the medicinal services framework and ought to be utilized to make an exhaustive and incorporated model; one that consolidates universalism and financial authenticity with the target of giving inclusion to all. (Patel, 2005)| | most of these nations are attempting to improve it though to accomplish as well as couldn't be expected care less element conceivable; we are attempti ng to ensure that everybody is secured by insurance.REFERENCES A. Shih, K. Davis, S. Schoenbaum, A. Gauthier, R. Nuzum, and D. McCarthy, Organizing the U. S. Medicinal services Delivery System for High Performance, The Commonwealth Fund, August 2008 (A. Shih, 2008) Express Healthcare Mgmt. Business Publications Division, Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Ltd. , Express Towers, first floor, Nariman Point, Mumbai 400 021 (Patel, 2005)

Next House Thanksgiving 2016 (sort of a guest post)

Next House Thanksgiving 2016 (sort of a guest post) Delicious food Better than home My favorite dorm event I was so hungry and then I wasnt hungry after I ate the good food Juicy Best cooked meat I’ve had all school year. Amazing people Yes FOOOOD PEOPLE Next House Best House These are all quotes that have been used to describe Next Houses annual Thanksgiving celebration. I wish I could tell you myself how wonderful it was but unfortunately I was not located at MIT during Thanksgiving break. However, I was able to ask Kyle S’16 (the organizer of the event) if he could talk a little bit about the event and this is what he told me: The Next House Thanksgiving dinner has happened for the past three years. A few of us who were not going home for Thanksgiving first organized it in 2014. Since then, it seems to have grown each year. This year, we had around 70 signups and we think approximately 85 showed up. The dinner is generously sponsored by our heads of house and they joined us for dinner with their entire family. While it is only advertised to Next House, our goal is to give everyone a place to go for Thanksgiving dinner, and we tell residents to feel free to invite their friends and classmates. This year, we cooked for approximately 10 hours over Thanksgiving and the night before, and slowly acquired all of the food through multiple shopping trips. We ended up with 3 turkeys, combined 35 lbs of potatoes and sweet potatoes, and more boxes of stuffing than I care to count. Personally, this is also my favorite night of the year in Next House. We have so many people sitting around one table, laughing and having fun that I can’t help but smile and be thankful for so many blessings that God has given us. Even in the midst of MIT, I kinda think it shows that we’re all people. And at some point, being a friend to others is more important than the books. This would not be possible without our tremendous volunteers. So many people volunteered their time to help purchase supplies and cook each dish, not to mention setting up and helping clean. This by no means was something I did alone, and the credit should go to them. I am so thankful for them and they are what made it possible. (Kyle S16)

Evaluation Of A Nursing Career Essay - 1536 Words

One of the many goals of the nursing profession is to provide high-quality, safe patient care. There are many responsibilities that come with a nursing career and when the nurse to patient ratio increases, there is a possibility that it may hinder the safe care that patients deserve, and this may result in negative patient outcomes and level of satisfaction. Staffing is one of the many issues that healthcare facilities face. In many facilities, there never seems to be enough nurses per shift to provide high quality, thorough patient care which often leads to burnt out staff, and frustrated patients and families. This review discusses the findings of quantitative studies and one systematic review that involves patient outcomes in relation to nurse staffing. The first quantitative study analyzed was conducted by Dabney and Kalisch in 2015 and surveyed 729 patients. The purpose of the study was to continue researching for any correlation between patient outcomes and nurse staffing. They analyzed patient reports of missed nursing care and determined if there was a relationship between patient reports and the nurse staffing levels. The design and sample include data that was obtained in the study of patient reports of missed nursing care and compared it to the level of nurse staffing. The sample was made up of 729 patients on 20 units in 2 hospitals. The 20 units consisted of 12 medical units with 420 participants, 6 surgical units with 255 participants, and 2 rehabilitationShow MoreRelatedThe Study Of A Nurse Educator865 Words   |  4 PagesThe Study of Nursing Nursing is the profession or practice of providing care for the sick and infirm. They have full responsibilities and dedication. They perform physical exams and health histories, provide health promotion, counseling, and education, administer medications, wound care, and numerous personalized interventions. They conduct research in support of improved practice and patient outcomes. 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FUR 2601 Essay - 1120 Words

Date: 01 March 2012 Subject: Fundamental Rights Subject Code: FUR 2601 NOTE: Assignment answers based on fact pattern 1 of FUR201/101/3/2012 page 21. RHS Column for Remarks/ Suggestions: Question: 1 (a): HIV/AIDS is killing more and more South Africans daily and the mere possibility of a fourth line anti-retroviral treatment which has undergone the correct testing and systems should be made known to the public. Due to the new Medicines Control Amendment Act s5 which permits the Minister of Health to supress findings which she deems counter to current state policies by issuing a restraint on Professors Spies and Maseko, their treatment can now not be published. As counsel for Professors Maseko and Spies, they have standing to†¦show more content†¦There is no evidence available that proves this treatment to be dangerous and is in fact seen as a breakthrough by international and domestic experts. The Minister of Health remains certain that the garlic, African Potatoes and vitamins is sufficient enough. In the case Janse van Rensburg v Minister van Handel en Nywerheid, Professors Maseko and Spies are entitled to know what are considered to be the dangerous elements of their tre atment since no alternative relief was provided. Allowing the treatment to be released will be of great interest to the public and will benefit a great number of them too. The main personal rights of Professors Maseko and Spies which are being infringed upon are their freedom to the press and other media, their freedom to impart information or ideas and their academic freedom of scientific research, since their research findings have been suppressed. Taking into account all the above factors, Professors Maseko and Spies do have standing to bring this constitutional challenge to the new Medicines Control Amendment Act s5. As soon as a fundamental right has been infringed upon, it is the individual’s right to challenge this and stand before the court with their findings, proof and evidence. Marks: ___/5 Question: 1 (b): The Treatment Action

Macbeth Illusion vs. Reality Free Essays

Kendall Dawson 1/23/12 Macbeth- Illusion v Reality Thesis: In Shakespeare Macbeth the theme illusion v Reality was an important theme that was displayed throughout the play. The Illusions are what influenced the characters reality. When the illusions were displayed they were interpreted in reality and majority of the time sparked a negative outcome. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth: Illusion vs. Reality or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Foul is Fair, Fair is Soul (Act 1. p. 7)† is repeatedly quoted throughout the play. The Interpretation of this quote relates in depth to what seems right in this story actually is not, pertaining to the misleading illusions throughout the essay that caused him to kill people and to be haunted by his sins endlessly. Evidence/Supporting Sentence Witches prophecies were illusions because in reality some were misleading to Macbeth causing him further trouble throughout the play. Their appearance as well is an illusion. â€Å"You appear to have beards, but you also look like women (Act 1). Macbeth should have realized that if he could not believe if their external appearance he should have not trusted in their prophecies. â€Å"It is an accustomed action with her to seem thus washing her hands. I have known her to continue in this a quarter of an hour (Act 5. sc. 1). † Lady Macbeth believes her hands are stained of the blood of those she has slain and she is haunted by it so she continues to wash them even though there is not any blood. False face must hide what the false heart doth know (Act 4). † Macbeth had given this advice to Lady Macbeth who has begun to be haunted by the slaying. He wanted her to mask her discern, as well as black out the haunting nightmares and keep a happy face to the public. At the end of the play Lady Macbeth became very regretful and concerns her for life. She admitted to the crimes her and her husband committed as well as knew she was going to be slain in return. How to cite Macbeth: Illusion vs. Reality, Papers

My favourite star free essay sample

In other words, do students who come from lower ocioeconomic backgrounds perform lower, as we are led to believe? Or are there other variables responsible for the variance in writing performance? Again, a simple correlation analysis will help describe the students performance and help explain the relationship between the Issues of performance and socioeconomic level. Analysis does not have to involve complex statistics. Data analysis in schools involves collecting data and using that data to improve teaching and learning. Interestingly, principals and teachers have It pretty easy. In most cases, the collection of data has lready been done. Schools regularly collect attendance data, transcript records, discipline referrals, quarterly or semester grades, norm- and criterion-referenced test scores, and a varlety of other useful data. Rather than complex statistical formulas and tests, it is generally simple counts, averages, percents, and rates that educators are interested in. There are many benefits of data analysis however; the most important ones are as follows: data analysis helps in structuring the findings from different sources of data collection like survey research. It Is again very helpful In breaking a macro problem into micro parts. Data analysis acts like a filter when it comes to acquiring meaningful insights out of huge data-set. Every researcher has sort out huge pile of data that he/she has collected, before reaching to a conclusion of the research question. Mere data collection is of no use to the researcher. Data analysis proves to be crucial in this process. It provides a meaningful base to critical decisions. It helps to create a complete dissertation proposal. One of the most important uses of data analysis is that it helps in keeping human las away from research conclusion with the help of proper statistical treatment. With the help of data analysis a researcher can filter both qualitative and quantitative data for an assignment writing projects. Thus, it can be said that data analysis Is of utmost Importance for both the research and the researcher. Or to put it in another words data analysis is as important toa researcher as it is important for a doctor to diagnose the problem of the patient before giving him any treatment I ne types 0T Measure 0T central lenaency ana 0T Measure 0T Dlsperslon. Central tendency gets at the typical score on the variable, while dispersion gets at how much variety there is in the scores. When describing the scores on a single variable, it is customary to report on both the central tendency and the dispersion. Not all measures of central tendency and not all measures of dispersion can be used to describe the values of cases on every variable. What choices you have depend on the variables level of measurement. Mean The mean is what in everyday conversation is called the average. It is calculated by imply adding the values of all the valid cases together and dividing by the number of valid cases. The mean is an interval/ratio measure of central tendency. Its calculation requires that the attributes of the variable represent a numeric scale Mode The mode is the attribute of a variable that occurs most often in the data set. For ungroup data, we can find mode by finding the modal class and draw the modal class and two classes adjacent to the modal class. Two lines from the adjacent we crossed to find the intersection. The intersection value is known as the mode. Median The median is a measure of central tendency. It identifies the value of the middle case when the cases have been placed in order or in line from low to high. The middle of the line is as far from being extreme as you can get. 2 There are as many cases in line in front of the middle case as behind the middle case. The median is the attribute used by that middle case. When you know the value of the median, you know that at least half the cases had that value or a higher value, while at least half the cases had that value or a lower value. Range The distance between the minimum and the maximum is called the range. The larger the value of the range, the more dispersed the cases are on the variable; the smaller the value of the range, the less dispersed (the more concentrated) the cases are on the variable Range = maximum value minimum value Interquartlle range (l R) Is tne Olstance Detween tne n percentlle ana t percentile. The IQR is essentially the range of the middle 50% of the data. Because it uses the middle 50%, the IQR is not affected by outliers or extreme values. Standard Deviation The standard deviation tells you the approximate average distance of cases from the mean. This is easier to comprehend than the squared distance of cases from the mean. The standard deviation is directly related to the variance. If you know the value of the variance, you can easily figure out the value of the standard deviation. The reverse is also true. If you know the value of the standard deviation, you can easily calculate the value of the variance. The standard deviation is the square root of the variance The standard deviation gives a measure of dispersion of the data about the mean. A direct analogy would be that of the interquartile range, which gives a measure of dispersion about the median. However, the standard deviation is generally more useful than the interquartile range as it includes all data in its calculation. The interquartile range is totally dependent on Just two values and ignores all the other observations in the data. This reduces the accuracy it extreme value is present in the data. Since the marks does not contain any extreme value, standard deviation give a better measures compared to interquartile range.

Mergers In Communication Industry Essays - Verizon Communications

Mergers In Communication Industry ?Governments should discourage mergers in the communication industry.? Our group will be disagreeing with this statement through out the project. We will be using texts and examples in order to support our ideas. Also we will be using reasoning and common sense in some cases. Our group believes the most important mergers in the communication industry are the telecommunication companies'. Bell Atlantic and GTE are the two big mergers in the industry and are a good example for our case. This merge has brought benefits to workers, consumers and communities. The Communications Workers of America (CWA) represents 630,000 workers who are also consumers of telecommunications services. The majority of CWA members are employed in the telecommunications industry, including 72,000 employees at Bell Atlantic and 25,000 employees at GTE. CWA is the leading union in the information age whose members are responsible for building, maintaining, and servicing customers on the information highway. CWA seeks to ensure that the new information world brings benefits to all consumers, workers, and communities. CWA urges the Commission to approve the Bell Atlantic and GTE merger because it will benefit both consumers and workers. CWA believes the merger is in the public interest for five reasons. First, it advances the pro-competitive goals of the 1996 Telecommunications Act (the 1996 Act) in local exchange markets for all consumer markets. Bell Atlantic and GTE have committed to enter 21 markets out-of-region within 18 months after the merger. Second, the proposed merger advances the 1996 Act's goal to speed deployment of advanced telecommunications networks to all Americans. The merger will provide Bell Atlantic and GTE with the scale and scope necessary to accelerate in-region and out-of-region investment in advanced data networks. Third, the merger is consistent with the 1996 Act's goal to advance and to preserve affordable, quality service to all Americans. Fourth, the merger will stimulate the growth of high-quality new jobs as a result of the new investment that the merged company wi ll create in entering new markets as well as in deploying new technologies and services. Finally, the merger will enhance competition in the wireless and international markets. Bibliography Appendices: www.economist.com/display/Story.ctm?Story_ID=169850 http://nic.cpuc.ca.gov/news/2000/000302_gte_bellalt_merger.htm www.ncs.gov/n5_hp/Customer_Service/XAffairs/NewService/2000-058.htm www.zdnet.com/zdnn/stories/news/0,4586,2588453,00.html American History

How a Tree Gets Its Scientific Name

How a Tree Gets Its Scientific Name Tree species and their names are a product of a two-part plant naming system that was introduced and promoted by Carolus Linnaeus in 1753. Linnaeus grand achievement was the development of what is now called binomial nomenclature - a formal system of naming species of living things, including trees, by giving each tree a name composed of two parts called the genus and the species. These names are based on never-to-change Latin words. So Latin terms, when broken into their respective tree genus and species, are called a trees scientific name. When using that special name, a tree can be identified by botanists and foresters around the world and in any language. The problem before the use of this taxonomic Linnaean tree classification system was the confusion surrounding the use, or misuse, of common names. Using common tree names as the only tree descriptor still presents problems today as common names differ greatly from location to location. Common names of trees are not as commonly used as you might think when traveling through the trees natural range. Lets look at the sweetgum tree as an example. Sweetgum is very common throughout the eastern United States as both a wild, native tree and also a tree planted in the landscape. Sweetgum can have only one scientific name, Liquidambar styraciflua, but has several common names including redgum, sapgum, starleaf-gum, gum maple, alligator-wood, and bilsted. A Tree and Its Species Classification What does species of tree mean? A tree species is an individual kind of tree that shares common parts on the lowest taxonomic level. Trees of the same species have the same characteristics of bark, leaf, flower, and seed and present the same general appearance. The word species is both singular and plural. There are nearly 1,200 tree species that grow naturally in the United States. Each tree species tends to grow together in what foresters call tree ranges and timber types, which are confined to geographic areas with similar climatic and soil conditions. Many more have been introduced from outside North America and are considered to be naturalized exotics. These trees do very well when grown in similar conditions they were native to. It is interesting that tree species in the United States far exceeds the native species of Europe. A Tree and Its Genus Classification What does genus of tree mean? Genus refers to the lowest classification of a tree before determining the related species. Trees of the genus have the same basic flower structure and may resemble other genus members in outward appearance. Tree members within a genus can still vary significantly in leaf shape, style of fruit, the color of bark and tree form. The plural of genus is genera. Unlike common tree names where the species is often named first; for example, red oak, blue spruce, and silver maple - the scientific genus name is always named first; for example, Quercus rubra, Picea pungens, and Acer saccharinum. The Hawthorn tree, genus Crataegus, leads the tree genera with the longest list of species - 165. Crataegus is also the most complicated tree to identify down to the species level. The oak tree or genus Quercus is the most common forest tree with the greatest number of species. Oaks have some 60 related species and are native to nearly every state or province in North America. North Americas Species-Rich Eastern Forest Eastern North America and most particularly the southern Appalachian Mountains claim the title of having the most native tree species of any area of North America. Seems like this area was a natural sanctuary ​where conditions allowed trees to survive and multiply after the Ice Age. Interestingly, Florida and California can brag about their total number of tree species which were, and are, transported into these states from all over the world. One may cringe when someone asks them to identify a tree from these two states. They know immediately that it will be a word search of a bountiful tropic tree list. These exotic immigrants are not only an identification problem but also an invasive problem with future negative habitat change.

Communication, Conflict and Decision-Making Essay

Communication, Conflict and Decision-Making - Essay Example At this juncture, we will acknowledge that communication meets some barriers, which hinders effective delivery of information to the intended parties. Unsuccessful communication results in conflict of opinions or ideas among the involved parties. In communication, conflict results when there is a dissonance or incompatibility of ideologies and beliefs held by the parties involved. Although conflict may results in both negative and positive consequences, this social dissonance may enhance maturity of social skills among the involved individuals. Conflict management entails employment of mechanisms that facilitate development of positive consequences from a social disagreement. Effective conflict management exercises enhance learning among members of a society on how to handle incompatible opinions in future. Conflict management incorporates the aspect of decision making in solving an underlying problem. A conflict ends after one or both parties involved select the best course of actio n from the available alternative courses of action (James, 2009). From a theoretical perspective, conflicts form an inherent element in social relationship. Within any given social setting, people subscribe to different beliefs and values in life. Therefore, conflicts arise in any society comprising of members with varied philosophical patterns (Erich, 2011). Courtesy of cultural norms, individuals possess natural mechanisms meant to facilitate conflict resolution processes whenever a conflict arises. Effective communication forms the basis of conflict resolution mechanisms. It is through a health conveyance of information between two parties that a conflict reaches a positive end (Stacks & Michael, 2008). I applied some theoretical elements of conflict resolution in past social experiences unknowingly. As a student, I usually fall into conflict situations with friends and

The Threat of Fraud Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Threat of Fraud - Assignment Example This causes considerable losses to companies and executives. Identity theft can be managed by ensuring stronger internal control and monitoring systems such as using the RCSA, encrypting sensitive data, and obtaining insurance for the executives. A workshop organized to sensitize executives on fraud would include a participatory and self-assessment session to monitor uptake of information by attendants.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identity theft refers to the act of stealing or gaining another person’s identifying and personal information such as a social security number or credit card numbers by unauthorized means and using or having the intention to use the information fraudulently (van der Meulen, 2011). The first step in protecting executives would be to get insurance in the director and officer insurance form to cover against loss of wealth and associated assets. An executives signature can, for example, be used to fraudulently get a binding agreement with the company, which would be detrimental to the company such as using the executive’s identity to access credit lines, which are not approved. The company would need to ensure it and its and executives are under the Merchant Risk Council which is a group of over 7 800 merchants, financial institutions, law enforcement agencies and vendors who work together to enhance cyber frauds, for example, fi nancial institutions would have to call the company before processing a credit card application. Of course, improving cybersecurity at the business would be a viable step. Cybercrime occurs when three principal factors are present; opportunity, rationalization, and pressure as the fraud triangle shows.

Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on Consumers

Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on Consumers 1.1 Research Background and Motivations Throughout the history of cosmetics (Appendice B), substances of all sort were utilised to produce products to enhance beauty and social lives, however with time certain substances were found to be hazardous, dangerous and poisoness. The cosmetic industry of the twenty-first century has evolved to adopt a more structured model of regulations in regards to which substances may and may not be utilised in the manufacturing of products. However, it is an industry that has become accountable to consumers and society in terms of how the products are produced (Eg. No testing on animals, chemical free, etc) and the effects of these products on consumers, society and our environment. Thus, CSR is becoming a vital issue in determining a companys performance and how it manages its economic, social and environmental impacts, as well as its contribution to society. CSR can be best explained as business practices or strategies that has the aim of satisfying the financial interests of organisations while positively impacting society (Foran et al., 2005). Though, CSR may involve certain investments for an organisation, it can also provide a source of opportunity and may; in certain circumstances; lead to building and sustaining competitive advantage. Many research on CSR has focused on the organisational business side and few have focused on the influence of CSR on consumers. However, consumers are essential to the success of CSR and understanding their attitudes towards CSR can enable companies to determine if their CSR business strategies are efficient, and the extent to which consumers are affected by these. Companies have also realised that consumers are making consumption decisions based on their personal ethical values, and according to Tallontire et al. (2001) ethics in consumption choices has become a growing phenomenon that underpins ethical trade activities. Many studies by scholars and practitioners when identifying and assessing the components of CSR, often refer to Archie B. Carrolls CSR pyramid (Ibrahim Parsa, 2005; Schwartz Carroll, 2003). However, there is very limited research in regards to the concept of CSR relating to that of consumer behaviour, and more precisely taking into account factors such as consumers attitudes and ethical beliefs. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide a better understanding of the concept and role of CSR, and explore how it is applied by the main local players within the CCI in France. The study focuses on examining the extent to which CSR affects consumers attitudes, and how their ethical beliefs may influence their attitudes towards CSR. 1.2 Context of the Problem Defining the problem is one of the most important steps in the research process and enables to indentify the specific marketing decision area that will be clarified by answering some research questions (Koerner 2006; Zikmund 1989). Growing pressure from governments, NGOs and consumer movements for companies to account for their impact of business operations on society and the environment; has lead more companies to invest in CSR initiatives and in managing more efficiently their SRI. However the issue arises in understanding whether consumers are actually aware of CSR practices adopted by companies, to which extent do they consider these when making a purchase decision, how are their attitudes affected, and in which manner do their ethical beliefs play a role in their decision making and their perception of CSR. 1.3 Research Aims and Objectives 1.3.1 Aims The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the role of CSR and its affect on consumers attitudes and ethical beliefs, within the CCI in France. The study also aims to determine if an association exists between CSR, consumers attitudes and ethical beliefs, and whether this may have an influence on consumers purchase behaviour. 1.3.2 Objectives Research Objectives provide guidelines in determining which steps must be undertaken in the research and if objectives are achieved the research information is considered sufficient to solve the problem (Hair et al. 2006). The main objectives of this research are the following : (1) To provide facts about the demographic characteristics of consumers who purchase colour cosmetics, as well as insights into their purchase behaviour, (2) To provide a better understanding of the role of CSR and examine the different frameworks, approaches to CSR, (3) To explore to which extent CSR affects consumers attitudes and whether consumers ethical beliefs plays a role, (4) To examine if relationships exists between consumers attitudes, ethical beliefs and Carolls four dimensions of CSR, (5) To determine what are the factors and information sources considered important when judging a company, and; (6) To determine what are the social issues consumers are most concerned about. 1.4 Hypotheses The previous research objectives constitute the basis for establishing the hypotheses of the study in order to measure the effect of CSR on ethical beliefs and consumers attitudes within the Colour Cosmetics industry in France: H1. There exists a positive relationship between Ethical beliefs and Awareness of CSR H2. There exists a positive relationship between Ethical beliefs and Feelings towards companies adopting CSR H3. There exists a positive relationship between Ethical beliefs and Considering CSR in purchase decision H4. There exists a positive relationship between Ethical beliefs and Ethical purchase behaviour H5. There exists a positive relationship between the Affective component of attitudes and Awareness of CSR H6. There exists a positive relationship between the Affective component of attitudes and Considering CSR in purchase decision H7. There exists a positive relationship between the Affective component of attitudes and Ethical purchase behaviour H8. There exists a positive relationship between the Cognitive component of attitudes and Considering CSR in purchase decision H9. There exists a positive relationship between the Cognitive component of attitudes and Ethical purchase behaviour The development of these hypothesis will be reviewed in Chapter 3, Section 3.6 of this dissertation. 1.5 Scope and Limitations This dissertation will cover the concept of CSR and will investigate the relationship between CSR and consumers attitudes and ethical beliefs. The study will also providing a brief overview of the main companies present in the local French market, and the extent to which they adopt CSR policies. The sample unit is limited to that of French consumers, having the following characteristics : female consumers , above the age of 18 years old and residing in France. Consideration must be taken that the author has attempted to present references the most frequently cited in the literature reviewed. The author attempts to make the link between the concept of CSR and consumers attitudes and ethical beliefs, hence for the purpose of this study, the models applied have been limited to that of the CSR Pyramid Model proposed by Carroll (1979) , and the Tricomponent Attitude Model. However, there is very limited research that exists linking these two models, and thus the literature reviewed may be limited in certain areas. 1.6 Organisation of the thesis The dissertation was divided into six chapters: Chapter One, provides the significance of the study, context of the problem, aims and objectives, states the hypotheses, scope and limitations of the study, and the present organisation of the thesis. Chapter Two, presents facts and informations issued from the secondary and exploratory research in regards to the CCI, and CSR practices of the main players within the local French market. Chapter Three, consists of a review of relevant literature and theoretical models in regards to the concept of CSR, implementing and measuring performance of CSR. It will also provide relevant literature reviewed in regards to linking CSR to consumer attitudes, and thus will also address the theory of attitudes, through the Tricomponent Attitude Model. Chapter Four, presents the research philosophy, research methodology and methods adopted for collecting, analysing and discussing the relevant data obtained for the purpose of this study. The design and implementation of the questionnaire survey, and the reliability, validity, limitations and ethics of the research will also be adressed. Chapter Five presents research findings in regards to primary data collection, and presents the results regarding the validity of the stated hypotheses. Chapter Six, provides the final conclusions of the study conducted, limitations and future recommendations. References, bibliograpgy, appendices, s, graphs and tables follow Chapter Six. chapter 2 : colour cosmetics industry review This chapter will define cosmetics in the context of this dissertation and will also present an overview of the CCI in France (section 2.2, and Appendice C), as well as its main players (Section, 2.3 and Appendice D). CSR practices adopted by the main local players and whether these companies provide a CSR policy will also be addressed. 2.1 Defining Cosmetics According to the current EU legislation cited in Morganti Paglialunga (2008), a cosmetic product is ‘any substance or preparation intended to be placed in contact with the various external parts of the human body with a view exclusively or mainly to cleaning them, perfuming them, changing their appearance and/or correcting body odours and/or protecting them or keeping them in good condition. The word ‘cosmetic in greek derives from the word ‘kosmetikos and the meaning allocated is ‘to make for beauty, especially of the complexion, or beautifying. The meaning over time has evolved into that of ‘ masking, concealing, cover up or that of camouflaging . Cosmetics consists of products such as personal care creams, makeup, perfumes, deodorant, shampoos, etc. The term ‘make-up is more often used when speaking of colour cosmetics and according to Oumeish (2001) means ‘to use cosmetics and apply them to color and beautify the face, and to other parts of the body. This dissertation will be focusing on the Category of Colour Cosmetics, which involves: (1) facial make-up, (2) eye make-up, (3) lip products, and (4) nail products. 2.2 Colour Cosmetics Industry in France The French Colour Cosmetic dominates the European market and 15,7% of the European market value. It holds the second largest market value in Europe behind that of the United Kingdom. (Euromonitor International, 2009). The local French market is largely dominted by major players such as LOreal SA that holds 38,80% of total market shares, followed by Chanel S.A with 13,40% and LVMH Moet Hennessy Louis Vitton S.A with 9,40% of market shares (Datamonitor, 2008). Other players present in the local market include Estee Lauder, Beiersdorf-Nivea Beautà ©, Clarins S.A, Coty, Yves Rocher, and Shiseido. (Appendice C) The colour cosmetic market consists of 4 subsectors, that of (1) facial make-up, (2) eye make-up, (3) lip products and (4) nail products. The facial make-up category dominates the sector with 36,40% of market value, followed by eye make-up with 34,40%, lip make-up with 19,70% and nail make-up with 9,40%. The fastest growing category in 2008 were facial make-up which had a growth of 4% and eye make-up, by 3% (Euromonitor International, 2008 2009). According to Datamonitor report (2008), distribution of products are mainly through Supermarkets/Hypermarkets, with 45,7% and specialised retailers with 39,5% of the markets distribution, and other channels of distribution represent 14.8%. Many French women are now more inclined to mix premium and mass brands (Euromonitor International, 2009). However with increase awareness of consumers attitudes towards toxic chemicals having negative aspects on health, the premium segment is becoming more popular amongst females who are in search of more safe to use products, and environemntally friendly. The legal environment also oversees the French industry by adopting strict regulations towards ingredients which are allowed to be utilised in the cosmetic product, or those that may be considered dangerous in regards to health aspects. Examples such as adoption of Directives 93/35/CEE (1993), Directives CEE (2004), European International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients. Since 2009, the European Union has also put legilsatives in place banning animal testing within the E.U and also sale of any product that has been prior tested on animals (Kumar, 2005). 2.3 Colour Cosmetic Companies and CSR Practices The following will provide a brief overview of the 3 major colour cosmetic players in France (LOreal, Chanel and LVMH), and discuss whether these companies have adopted CSR activities within their business strategy, and will state if a formal (written, printable report of their CSR policy) or informal CSR policy (only available on their corporate website) has been adopted. Other players present in the local market such as Estee Lauder, Beiersdorf-Nivea Beautà ©, Clarins S.A, Coty, Yves Rocher, and Shiseido, are also presenetd, in Appendice D of this dissertation. LOreal S.A In France, LOreal S.A accounts for 38,80% of total market shares (Datamonitor 2008). It is the worlds second largest manufacturer of cosmetics and toiletries. LOreal operates through three business divisions: cosmetics, the Body Shop, and dermatology. Its main colour cosmetic brands are : LOreal Paris, Gemey Maybelline Garnier, Lancome and The Body shop. LOreal acquired The Body Shop in March 2006, which enabled to position itself in the ethical cosmetics market, to reinforce this positionment. LOreal also acquired a leading french company Sanoflore, which is specialised in organic cosmetics. This strategy enables LOreal to develop into the organic and natural cosmetics market (Euromonitor International, 2009). LOreal invests largely in CSR practices, and provides a formal CSR policy which enables to support its disclosure and transparency to the public in regards to its business operations. LOreal addresses an extensive lists of social and ethical issues such as contributing to the society and community, addressing issues of sustainability, preserving the environment, labour and human rights, actions against animal testing, donating to charities and natural disasters, developing education, supporting medical research, adopting ethical standards throughout the entire company and subsidaires, its employees and having strict ethical requirements for its suppliers. Chanel S.A was established in 1924 by Coco Chanel, and is owned by the Swiss company Pamerco. It is a privately held company and is not obligated to release any financial results. It is specialised in a wide range of products such as fashion, watches, eye wear, fragrances and beauty products. In France, Chanel S.A accounts for 13,40% of total market shares in the cosmetics market. It operates in Europe, Asia and USA (Datamonitor 2008), with the highest shares of market value in that of Western Europe (Euromonitor International 2009). Its colour cosmetic products are distributed unders the brands Bourjois and that of Chanel. In order to improve financial results due to the economic downturn, community projects such as ‘Mobile Art Tour have been stopped in order to focus investments on other strategies. However, no information in concerns to CSR practices nor that of any formal CSR policy was publicly available on their corporate website. However, it cannot be assumed that they do not invest in CSR, but may have chosen not to make publicly available their CSR policies. LVMH Moet Hennessy Louis Vitton S.A Is an international group of companies with principal activities focused on the production and sale of luxury goods. Its main divisions are : wines and spirits, fashion and leather goods, fragrances and cosmetics, jewelry and selective retailing sectors. LVMH operates about 1,859 stores worldwide (Datamonitor 2008). In France, LVMH group accounts for 9,40% of total market shares in the colour cosmetics market (Datamonitor 2008). Its main brands in the colour cosmetic segment include : Christian Dior, Guerlain, , Hard Candy, Benefit Cosmetics, Urban Decay, Fresh, Make Up for Ever and Dior Addict. (Datamonitor, 2009, LVMH Group 2009). LVMH adopts an informal CSR policy which is publicly available on their corporate website. The company is largely invested in the french community and believes in promoting french culture, art and heritage. It allocates important investments towards community projects, and is involved in many initiatives to promote french cultural heritage. chapter 3: literature review and theoretical framework 3.1 The Concept of CSR The section 3.1 will provide the literature review in regards to the background of CSR, its purpose, how CSR is defined, implementing CSR and monitor CSP, as well as the criticism of the concept. It will also focus on presenting the different dimensions of CSR through Carrolls CSR Pyramid Model (1979). 3.1.1 Background of CSR During the eighteenth century companies took little responsibility for their impact of business operations. According to writings of the Scottish philosopher of the eighteenth century, Adam Smith (1776) many corporations limited their operations according to the rules of pure competition. This gradually evolved and companies started taking full responsibility for their business impact on society, the community and the economy. Many academics believe that the roots of CSR originated from nineteenth century U.S industrialist, Andrew Carnegie, in his writings from the ‘Gospel of wealth, where he was the first to express publicly his beliefs that that the most fortunate members of society should ensure that money was used to aspire the less fortunate members (Carnegie Corporation New York). The early twentieth century, saw businesses adopt more responsibility in regards to society and the community which was mainly represented by CP. According to Carroll (1999), and Hopkins (1999) cited in Leal (2007), the discussion about SR of businesses began to become more prominent from the 1930s, with authors like Chester Barnard, J.M Clark, Theodore Kreps and Merick Dodd. Prior to the 1960s, business ethics was rather left to theologians to discuss issues of fair wages, unfair labor practices, and the morality of capitalism (Lantos, 2001). From the 1960s, companies were more focusing on generating profits that outweighted largely over moral principles. It was during this era that consumers began to manifest their mecontentment against unethical business behaviour. During the 1960s Milton Friedman, Nobel Prize winner in economics in 1976, raised an issue by stating that the ‘only obligation a business had was to generate profits for its sharehlders. It was only during the 1970s, that the concept evolved when CP was supplemented by corporate initiatives and activities, and businesses taking a more responsible attitude towards societal needs. It was considered that companies should not pursue profit without taking into consideration business ethics, acting in a social responsible manner and being a good corporate citizen. In the 1980s, R. Edward Freeman (in contrast to the views by Milton Friedman), argued on the issue that CSR is a question of managing stakeholders, and that values and ethics are necessarily a part of doing business. The last decades, growing interest has been more towards environmental issues (Eg. Global warming, climate change, pollution index, etc), and how companies are addressing such issues through adoption of sustainable development. 3.1.2 CSR in France In France, the concept of CSR surfaced during the late nineteenth century. Early twentieth century, professional organisations as well as commercial undertakings have been adopting texts containing social standards that employers must observe (Segal et al., 2003). During the 1980s, the concept was mainly issued from the idea to combine economic and social policy, and on the basis of promoting the concept of the ‘corporate citizen. There was great involvement on the part of undertakings in civic life, such as lobbying to exert an influence on the decisions made by the public authorities or providing sponsorship to support social, cultural and sporting activities (Segal et al. , 2003). According to Segal et al. (2003), the CSR movement from the United States did not reach France until the early 1990s, however, companies in France referred more to the term ‘corporate citizenship (in french ‘citoyennetà © dentreprise), which was more familiar to them, than CSR. Due to cultural differences, some aspects of the CSR concept as it was constructed by Anglo-American background, did not adapt well into the French cultural landscape, such as the idea that all stakeholders should be taken into account, or the fact of a responsibility that merely complements that of companies. This is explained by the fact that the State and the Law are regarded as the only guarantors of a principle of SR that applies to all, whereas initiatives emanating from civil society are perceived as campaigns and suspected of concealing vested interests (Segal et al. ,2003). CSR, in France is exercised within an increasingly precise legal framework, particularly because the law encourages undertakings to adopt standards of SR. It is a frequent custom for the people in France, to turn to the public authorities demanding that they ‘face up to their responsibilities and lay down the laws recognising a new social problem and addressing it, rather than provide laws that define minimal thresholds for companies (Segal et al., 2003). 3.1.3 The Purpose of CSR With the increasingly pressure received from Governments, NGOs, consumer movements, activists, shareholders, the public and the media has lead companies to account for their social and environmental impacts of their activities. As a result the twenty-first century is seeing CSR emerging as an important area in business strategies. Advocates of CSR have used four main arguments to justify the reason for CSR : (1) moral obligation of companies in adopting an ethical and responsible behaviour; (2) sustainability in terms of the TBL, (3) license to operate in terms of companies identifying social issues important to stakeholders and taking approrpiate related decisions, and (4) reputation by investing in cause-related marketing campaigns (Porter Kramer, 2006). Porter Kramer (2002), also suggest that CSR practices can provide economic benefits if the social improvement has been related to the companys business. Companies often willingly engage in socially responsible behaviour because it enhances shareholder value by keeping a business on the right side of the law (Martin, 2002). Companies can serve shareholder interests while also serving those of a larger community. Most CSR practices implemented by firms are largely based on Philanthropy activities, and used as a purpose to promote the the corporate image. It can also contribute to improving the community by developing education, health, provide safe products, preserve the environment, improve employment, and on the long-term can aid in building strong ties with governments, official organisations, partnerships, and build trust within the community. According to Burke and Logsdon (1996, p. 496), ‘CSR (policy, program or process) is strategic when it yields substantial business-related benefits to the firm, in particular by supporting core business activities and thus contributing to the firms effectiveness in accomplishing its mission. 3.1.4 Defining CSR There is no formal universal definition of the concept of CSR. Many believe it concerns what corporations give back to society in return from the benefits they have gained, others tend to believe it is based on how ethically corporations behave, towards society and the environment, and in regards to its stakeholders. Often, CSR is also referred to as the ‘triple bottom line in which it refers to the corporations financial, social, and environmental performance in conducting its business. There have been numerous attempts by organisations, institutions, corporate executives and academics to clarify the constructs and concept of CSR (Dahlsrud, 2008, Lantos 2001, Tywoniak Bartlett, 2008, Van Marrewijk 2003, 2005), resulting in many definitions towards a more humane, more ethical and transparent way of doing business (Van Marrewijk 2003, 2005). Prior research by Dahlsrud (2008), reveal that there is not ‘one standard definition of CSR but that a variety of definitions exist. In his research he anyalysed 37 definitions of CSR, and results showed that, even though most definitions are different from one another textually, they are nevertheless constantly referring to the the same five dimensions: (1) environmental, (2) social, (3) economic, (4) stakeholder and (5) voluntariness. Davis (1975) describes that SR implies that companies should not only make a decision based on their own interest but are also obliged to take actions that protect and enhance societys interests. According to Sethi (1975) the concept of CSR has different meanings according to time and the cultural context and is more based on the corporate actions that enable to determine whether corporations are meeting societal expectations. According to Carroll Schwartz (2003), definitions of CSR fall into two general schools of thought, those that argue that business is obligated only to maximise profits while respecting the legal requirements and minimal ethical constraints (Friedman 1970, Levitt, 1958), and those that believe corporations are accountable on how they conduct their business toward society. CSR is concerned with businesses being morally accountable to its stakeholders, and thus that values are necessarily and explicitly a part of doing business (Freeman, et al. ,2004), and that it is a voluntary commitment by companies to exceed the explicit and implicit obligations imposed on them by societys expectations of conventional corporate behavior (Falck Heblich (2007) Others such as Davies (1960), Andrews (1973), McWilliams and Siegel (2001), Kotler and Lee (2005) refer to CSR as being an obligation to improve community well-being through transparent business practices, contribution of corporate resources, corporate decision making and actions extending beyond the firms direct economic or technical interest, and that which is required by law. In this context, CSR can therefore be seen as the voluntary assumption of responsabilities beyond that of just economic or legal (McGuire, 1963). Authoritive institutions have also attempted to define CSR. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (2000, p.3) defined CSR as : ‘ the continuing commitment by business to contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the community and society at large. The European Trade Union (2004, p.1), on the other hand, defines CSR as ‘companies integrating social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. And on its part, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Develpment (OECD) on their website, describe CSR as : ‘The most important contribution of business is the conduct of business itself, and its core responsibility is to yield competitive returns to shareholders by identifying and developing promising investment opportunities and must comply with legal requirements and, respond to societal expectations not written down in law books. 3.1.4.1 Carrolls CSR Pyramid Model For the purpose of this dissertation, the author has chosen to focus on Carrolls Pyramid Model ( 3.1) in order to identify the main dimensions of CSR. Carrolls Pyramid Model was selected on the basis that it seems to be the framework the most frequently referred to in the literature reviewed, in terms of managing social issues. In Carroll (1979, 1991 2000), Carroll Schwartz (2003) CSR, is defined as: ‘The social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary (philanthropic) expectations that society has of organisations at a given point in time. The following sections will provide an overview of each individual dimensions of Carrolls CSR Pyramid Model. 3.1.4.1.1 Economic Responsibilities The environment of global trade is becoming a more competitive arena and faces economic challenges (Kehoe (1998), cited in Carroll, 2000, p.35), and thus, the economic responsibility of business remains very important (Carroll, 2000). Companies business operations contribute largely to the economic unit in society. It has the responsibility to produce goods and services that society wants and to sell them at a profit, and all other business roles are predicated on this major assumption (Carroll, 1979). Economic responsibilities is characterised by companies willingness to perform in a manner consistent with maximising earnings per share, must be committed to being as profitable as possible, must maintain a high level of operating efficiency and competitive positioning and that the success of the company be defined as being consistently profitable (Carroll, 1991). 3.1.4.1.2 Legal Responsibilities Society expects business to achieve its economic operations within the framework of legal requirements. It goes on the assumption that economic responsibilities and legal responsibilities coexist and must be met simultaneously, as they represent fundamental precepts of the free enterprise system (Carroll, 1979, 1991). According to Carroll (1991), legal responsibilities can be viewed as codified ethics in the sense that they integrate the basic notions of fair operations as established by lawmakers, and are characterised by companies performing in a manner that is expected of them by government and law, and thus, that the success of the company is defined as one that fulfills its legal obligations, and to provide goods and services that meet legal requirements (Carroll, 1991). Accordoing to Carroll (1991), the Economic and the legal responsibilities are the most important components in the Pyramid Model. However, this may cause confusion when applying the framework as both components are located at the very bottom of the Pyramid. (Carroll Schwartz, 2003) 3.1.4.1.3 Ethical Responsibilities In addition to fulfilling their economic and legal responsibilities, businesses are expected to fulfill ethical responsibilities as well (Carroll 1979). ‘Ethics, are the driving forces behind every creation of laws or regulation, there are not necessarily codified into laws but are expected by society (Carroll, 1970), and concerns standards, norms, or expectations that reflect a concern for what consumers, employees, shareholders, and the community regard as fair, just, or in keeping with the respect or protection of stakeholders moral rights (Carroll, 1991). Carroll (1991), describes that the main components of ethical responsibilities of companies are to perform in a manner consistent with expectations of societal norms mores and ethical norms; to recognise and respect new or evolving ethical/moral norms adopted by society; to prevent ethical norms from being compromise

Love vs. Infatuation

Do you remember the first time you gave any serious thought to the meaning of love? As a youngster you may have carved entwined hearts on a tree or scrawled them on a notebook. For many of you, the words â€Å"I love you† flowed easily during high school dating experiences, but for others the sentiment was unspoken or virtually unknown. We can remember as teenagers talking about love with our peers and wondering how we would know when it happened. At times we felt certain that what we were feeling was love—only to decided, in light of the broken romance, that it was just â€Å"infatuation.† Occasional discussion with adults elicited a series of homilies about not letting the heart rule the head. A married cousin, perhaps speaking from experience, advised, â€Å"Never date anyone you wouldn’t consider marrying.† The point was clear: one might fall in love with someone with whom marriage was inappropriate. Parental words of wisdom ranged from â€Å"It’s as easy to fall in love with a rich person as a poor one† to â€Å"Don’t worry about it. When love hits, you’ll know it.† None of this advice seemed very helpful. Even so, we all knew that whatever love was, it was very serious (Hinkle, 2001). Popular songs, films, and novels were just as confusing. Literature classes exposed us to the peculiarities of love as experienced, for example, by Dante and Beatrice—the love that inspired Dante’s Divine Comedy. As a child, Dante saw Beatrice once and never recovered from the passion he felt. He married someone else and had seven children, but in his poems he mentions only Beatrice. II. Discussion A. What is love and infatuation? How does it differ from each other? Every individual desires to have his/her own partner in life; thus, desires to be loved and to loved. This is the reason why young people and older ones indulge in courtship to seek love and find a potential partner for marriage. This motivates everyone to watch romantic movies and read novels that show two people who are head-over-heels in love with each other. But are they really experiencing the true meaning of love or is it just an infatuation? Many young people thought that it is already love when the time they feel something for the opposite sex but most often, it is just an infatuation. So how can a person know that what he/she feels is love or just an infatuation? Love is basically giving your all in all unselfishly. The best description of love can be found in the Bible on 1st Corinthians 13: 4-8): â€Å"Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no records of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. Love never fails†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This would simply mean that love is not based on feelings but based on decision and commitment. Loving someone who has many flaws is a decision to make. Love is the all-purpose cure, covering all wrongs. It is worth searching for. It should be expressed openly. When you really love someone, you accept him for who he is regardless of his past. You do not only accept him because of his strengths and his personality but as a whole that includes his totality as a person.   Moreover, love is wondrous state, deep, tender and reassuring. Because of its intimate and personal nature it is regarded by some as an improper topic for experimental research (Harlow, 2003). On the other hand, infatuation is the opposite of love. The true concept of love is misinterpreted. This is usually happening to the young ones who are very emotional due to their being young. Young people are mostly motivated by emotions; thus, they make decisions very quickly without logic but by feelings alone. They thought that the excessive passion they feel for the opposite sex is already love but it is not and basically just an infatuation. Infatuation is an excessive passion for the other person. Its ground is how the person feels for the opposite sex basically does not involve logic, decision and commitment because when he discovers some flaws and weaknesses, he immediately get discourage for that person. That is why we sometimes hear the line â€Å"I am falling out of love† for those people who are just infatuated. III. Conclusion Infatuation can be viewed as a temporary, aroused sate that we cognitively labels as love. The strong affection of companionate love, which often emerges as a relationship matures, is enhanced by an equitable relationship and by intimate self-disclosure. True love sustains the marriage. No matter how life difficult is, the two people who are committed and bind with love can survive the storms of their relationship. Moreover, love is based on a decision and commitment. It accepts the flaws of other’s behalf. Love can cover multitudes of wrongs and easily forgives. In establishing a relationship, love is very important and significant because if there is no love, the relationship cannot continue. While infatuation is based on feelings; thus, it fluctuates when it sees mistakes and flaws. It does not endure hardships. You can love the person now and the next day, you may not feel loving him anymore; thus, the special feelings you have for your partner is just based on â€Å"emotions† which is usually called as â€Å"infatuation.† Young individuals must not rush in making decisions in getting married but must think million times. Therefore, infatuation is a counterfeit of love. Reference: Harlow, Harry (2003). â€Å"The nature of Love.† American Psychologist 13:673-685. Hinkle, Dennis E., & Sporakowski Michael J. (2001). Attitudes toward Love: A Reexamination.† Journal of Marriage and the Family 37: 764-767. Love. 1st Corinthians 13: 4-8. The Student Bible. New International Version.       Love vs. Infatuation Do you remember the first time you gave any serious thought to the meaning of love? As a youngster you may have carved entwined hearts on a tree or scrawled them on a notebook. For many of you, the words â€Å"I love you† flowed easily during high school dating experiences, but for others the sentiment was unspoken or virtually unknown. We can remember as teenagers talking about love with our peers and wondering how we would know when it happened. At times we felt certain that what we were feeling was love—only to decided, in light of the broken romance, that it was just â€Å"infatuation.† Occasional discussion with adults elicited a series of homilies about not letting the heart rule the head. A married cousin, perhaps speaking from experience, advised, â€Å"Never date anyone you wouldn’t consider marrying.† The point was clear: one might fall in love with someone with whom marriage was inappropriate. Parental words of wisdom ranged from â€Å"It’s as easy to fall in love with a rich person as a poor one† to â€Å"Don’t worry about it. When love hits, you’ll know it.† None of this advice seemed very helpful. Even so, we all knew that whatever love was, it was very serious (Hinkle, 2001). Popular songs, films, and novels were just as confusing. Literature classes exposed us to the peculiarities of love as experienced, for example, by Dante and Beatrice—the love that inspired Dante’s Divine Comedy. As a child, Dante saw Beatrice once and never recovered from the passion he felt. He married someone else and had seven children, but in his poems he mentions only Beatrice. II. Discussion A. What is love and infatuation? How does it differ from each other? Every individual desires to have his/her own partner in life; thus, desires to be loved and to loved. This is the reason why young people and older ones indulge in courtship to seek love and find a potential partner for marriage. This motivates everyone to watch romantic movies and read novels that show two people who are head-over-heels in love with each other. But are they really experiencing the true meaning of love or is it just an infatuation? Many young people thought that it is already love when the time they feel something for the opposite sex but most often, it is just an infatuation. So how can a person know that what he/she feels is love or just an infatuation? Love is basically giving your all in all unselfishly. The best description of love can be found in the Bible on 1st Corinthians 13: 4-8): â€Å"Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no records of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. Love never fails†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This would simply mean that love is not based on feelings but based on decision and commitment. Loving someone who has many flaws is a decision to make. Love is the all-purpose cure, covering all wrongs. It is worth searching for. It should be expressed openly. When you really love someone, you accept him for who he is regardless of his past. You do not only accept him because of his strengths and his personality but as a whole that includes his totality as a person.   Moreover, love is wondrous state, deep, tender and reassuring. Because of its intimate and personal nature it is regarded by some as an improper topic for experimental research (Harlow, 2003). On the other hand, infatuation is the opposite of love. The true concept of love is misinterpreted. This is usually happening to the young ones who are very emotional due to their being young. Young people are mostly motivated by emotions; thus, they make decisions very quickly without logic but by feelings alone. They thought that the excessive passion they feel for the opposite sex is already love but it is not and basically just an infatuation. Infatuation is an excessive passion for the other person. Its ground is how the person feels for the opposite sex basically does not involve logic, decision and commitment because when he discovers some flaws and weaknesses, he immediately get discourage for that person. That is why we sometimes hear the line â€Å"I am falling out of love† for those people who are just infatuated. III. Conclusion Infatuation can be viewed as a temporary, aroused sate that we cognitively labels as love. The strong affection of companionate love, which often emerges as a relationship matures, is enhanced by an equitable relationship and by intimate self-disclosure. True love sustains the marriage. No matter how life difficult is, the two people who are committed and bind with love can survive the storms of their relationship. Moreover, love is based on a decision and commitment. It accepts the flaws of other’s behalf. Love can cover multitudes of wrongs and easily forgives. In establishing a relationship, love is very important and significant because if there is no love, the relationship cannot continue. While infatuation is based on feelings; thus, it fluctuates when it sees mistakes and flaws. It does not endure hardships. You can love the person now and the next day, you may not feel loving him anymore; thus, the special feelings you have for your partner is just based on â€Å"emotions† which is usually called as â€Å"infatuation.† Young individuals must not rush in making decisions in getting married but must think million times. Therefore, infatuation is a counterfeit of love. Reference: Harlow, Harry (2003). â€Å"The nature of Love.† American Psychologist 13:673-685. Hinkle, Dennis E., & Sporakowski Michael J. (2001). Attitudes toward Love: A Reexamination.† Journal of Marriage and the Family 37: 764-767. Love. 1st Corinthians 13: 4-8. The Student Bible. New International Version.      

Barriers of Communication Essay

Everyone has experienced, at one time or another frustration of feeling misunderstood and being unable to make us understood by others. Communication should be simple but is often difficult because people tend to create barriers. Barriers often lead to your message becoming unclear and confusing to others. For communication to become more effective one has to overcoming these barriers to send a clear message. Cultural Differences can be a barrier to communication because of the variations between cultures and the different background, beliefs and opinions of others. Some people may think your being racist because of the way you speak to them and if you argue back to them about their opinions and beliefs, they may get offended. Cultural Differences can also be the way people dress, their religions, interests and the kind of food they may eat. Read more:  Identify different reasons why people communicate  essay Also certain hand gestures in America may have different meaning in other countries which could distort your message. A way to overcome this barrier is to respect other people’s opinions and beliefs and to educate yourself. Foreign languages are also barriers to communicate because you might attempt to speak to someone in English but the other person may speak Spanish. You wouldn’t be able to communicate with them due to the language you speak. A way to overcome this barrier would be attempting to use the other individual’s preferred spoken language to communicate or get an interpreter to help you. One barrier of communication can be the surroundings of which the communication is going to take place. The space of which the communication is being held is very important, as it is vital that all people communicating can see one another’s facial expressions. Since we spend more time hitting the letters on a keypad than actually participating in face-to-face communication it is important to try and overcome this barrier when possible. For example when you’re having a conversation with another via text messaging or emails it is very easy for the message to be misinterpreted because emotions are sometimes hardier to decipher. A lot of communication is based on body language when talking face to face. When we communicate things that we care about, we do so mainly using nonverbal signals. Wordless communication, or body language, includes facial expressions, body movement and gestures, eye contact, posture, and the tone of your voice. By texting and emailing this barrier is created and confusion can happen. So, if it is an important conversation or an important message to relay to another person it is best to talk to them face to face. This would lower ones chances of distorting the message or creating more problems because of a distorted message. Identify the barriers that you put up can help you overcome them and communicate better with others. Effective communication helps us better understand a person or situation and enables us to resolve differences. By learning these effective communication skills, you can better connect with your spouse, kids, friends, and coworkers. References MUSCARELLO, P. (2012). Breaking the Communication Barrier. Business Officer, 46(1), 11-13.

No Child Left Behind Act Of 2001 ( Nclb ) And It Mandates

Introduction What is No Child Left behind? This author discusses the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001(NCLB) and it mandates that every student in K-12 public schools will reach basic proficiency in math and reading by 2014. The goals of the accountability component of NCLB place emphasis on closing the achievement gap for all public school students, regardless of their socioeconomic status, ethnicity, or disabilities. The Federal Government mandates annual testing of all students in grades three through eight on challenging state standards for mathematics and reading (Beisser 2014). The author noted that the federal mandate didn’t intend on leaving any students behind, but after the law was passed it became evident that the United States has provided more, time, attention, resources and policies in the direction of students who scored below achievement level in reading and mathematics. How did the No Child Left Behind Act Neglect Gifted Students? There are several factors that can cause a lack of focus on gifted students. The author noted that in order to avoid governmental sanctions which could impact school funding and parental choices of schools. The NCLB act four pillars will result in stronger teacher accountability, more freedom for states and communities, proven educational methods, and more choices for parents. Stronger accountability Many educators feel that teachers aren’t trained to teach gifted students. Teaching accountability has teachers focus more onShow MoreRelatedEffectiveness Of The No Child Left Behind Act Of 2001 ( Nclb )1613 Words   |  7 PagesThis study will focus on the effectiveness of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB). The NCLB Act of 2001 was a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA) (www.newamerica.org). 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However, some of these succeed while others failed in achieving their goals. â€Å"The federal government instituted a number of other reforms, including a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA), to little or no avail† (Ginsburg Jill, 2013). Furthermore, policymakers do not take a rest from struggles to develop the education system. They continue to argument and make main education reforms such as new acade mic standards, newRead MoreEducation Is A Central Need Of All People Around Over The World1543 Words   |  7 Pageswe will find some development projects. However, some of these succeed while others failed in achieving their goals. â€Å"The federal government instituted a number of other reforms, including a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA), to little or no avail† (Ginsburg Jill, 2013). Furthermore, policymakers do not take a rest from struggles to develop the education system. 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From the tenth edition of the course book We the People, Texas Ed. by Benjamin Ginsberg and Unit 2 of the lecture; a policy developed by the efforts of the late philosopher and economist, Adam Smith, laissez-faire economics essentiallyRead MoreLeft Behind Effects1578 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of No Child Left Behind The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 was â€Å"a United States Act of Congress that reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. This act was created to close the achievement gap with accountability, flexibility, and choice, so that no child is left behind.† NCLB â€Å"is a federal law that mandates a number of programs aimed at improving U.S. education in elementary, middle, and high schools by increasing accountability standards† (White). This act was an act that mostlyRead MoreThe Nclb Act Is The Largest Intervention By The Federal Government1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe NCLB Act has become the largest intervention by the federal government. 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The ESSA â€Å"reauthorizes the 50-year-old Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the nation’s national education law and longstanding